Medical Progress and Biomedical Research - The Nobel Laureates
Research leading to almost every Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded since 1901 was dependent on data from animal models. This fact dramatically demonstrates the important contribution animal models in biomedical research make to both international and American medical progress. In fact, since 1979, every Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded was dependent on data from animal models with the exception of the 1983 Prize awarded to Dr. Barbara McClintock for her work in plant genetics.
Research leading to almost every Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded since 1901 was dependent on data from animal models. This fact dramatically demonstrates the important contribution animal models in biomedical research make to both international and American medical progress. In fact, since 1979, every Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded was dependent on data from animal models with the exception of the 1983 Prize awarded to Dr. Barbara McClintock for her work in plant genetics.
|
Year
|
Nobel Laureate
|
Animal Model
|
Contribution to Modern Medicine
|
|
2009
|
Carol W. Greider
|
Protzoan, mouse, frog
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
2009
|
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
|
Protzoan, mouse
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
2009
|
Jack W. Szostak
|
Protzoan
|
Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
|
|
2008
|
Harald zur Hausen
|
Hamster, mouse, cow
|
Discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
|
|
2008
|
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
|
Monkey, chimpanzee, mouse
|
Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
2008
|
Luc Montagnier
|
Monkey, chimpanzee, mouse
|
Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
2007
|
Mario R. Capecchi
|
Mouse
|
Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
|
|
2007
|
Sir Martin J. Evans
|
Mouse, Chick
|
Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
|
|
2007
|
Oliver Smithies
|
Mouse
|
Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
|
|
2006
|
Andrew Z. Fire
|
Nematode roundworm
|
Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
|
|
2006
|
Craig C. Mello
|
Nematode roundworm
|
Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
|
|
2005
|
Barry J. Marshall
|
Piglet
|
Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
|
|
2004
|
Richard Axel
|
Mouse, Drosophila (fruit flies)
|
Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
|
|
2004
|
Linda B. Buck
|
Mouse
|
Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
|
|
2003
|
Paul C. Lauterbur
|
Clam, mouse, dog, rat, chimpanzee, pig, rabbit, frog
|
Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
|
2003
|
Sir Peter Mansfield
|
Clam, mouse, dog, rat, chimpanzee, pig, rabbit, frog
|
Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
|
2002
|
H. Robert Horvitz
|
Nematode
|
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
|
2002
|
Sydney Brenner
|
Nematode
|
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
|
2002
|
John E. Sulston
|
Nematode
|
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
|
|
2001
|
Leland H. Hartwell
|
Sea urchin, frog
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
2001
|
Tim Hunt
|
Sea urchin, frog, Rabbit, Xenopus, Clam
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
2001
|
Sir Paul M. Nurse
|
Sea urchin, frog
|
Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle
|
|
2000
|
Arvid Carlsson
|
Sea slug, mouse
|
Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system
|
|
2000
|
Paul Greengard
|
Sea slug, mouse
|
Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system
|
|
2000
|
Eric R. Kandel
|
Sea slug, mouse
|
Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system
|
|
1999
|
Günter Blobel
|
Mouse, rat, dog
|
Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
|
|
1998
|
Robert F. Furchgott
|
Rabbit
|
Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)
|
|
1998
|
Louis J. Ignarro
|
Rabbit
|
Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)
|
|
1998
|
Ferid Murad
|
Rabbit
|
Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)
|
|
1997
|
Stanley B. Prusiner
|
Mouse, hamster
|
Discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection
|
|
1996
|
Peter C. Doherty
|
Mouse
|
Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system
|
|
1996
|
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
|
Mouse
|
Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system
|
|
1995
|
Edward B. Lewis
|
Fruit fly
|
Genetic control of early embryonic development
|
|
1995
|
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
|
Fruit fly
|
Genetic control of early embryonic development
|
|
1995
|
Eric F. Wieschaus
|
Fruit fly
|
Genetic control of early embryonic development
|
|
1994
|
Alfred G. Gilman
|
Rat, cow, rabbit, turkey
|
Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
|
|
1994
|
Martin Rodbell
|
Rat, guinea pig, turkey
|
Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
|
|
1993
|
Richard J. Roberts
|
Rats
|
Discoveries of split genes
|
|
1993
|
Phillip A. Sharp
|
Mice
|
Discoveries of split genes
|
|
1992
|
Edmond H. Fischer
|
Rabbit
|
Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
|
|
1992
|
Edwin G. Krebs
|
Rabbit, Rat
|
Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
|
|
1991
|
Erwin Neher
|
Frog
|
Chemical communication between cells
|
|
1991
|
Bert Sakmann
|
Frog
|
Chemical communication between cells
|
|
1990
|
Joseph E. Murray
|
Dog
|
Organ transplantation techniques
|
|
1990
|
E. Donnall Thomas
|
Dog
|
Organ transplantation techniques
|
|
1989
|
Harold E. Varmus
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
|
|
1989
|
J. Michael Bishop
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
|
|
1988
|
Sir James W. Black
|
Guinea pig, cat, dog, rat
|
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
|
1988
|
Gertrude B. Elion
|
Mice, dog, rabbit, monkey
|
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
|
1988
|
George H. Hitchings
|
Mice, rat, dog
|
Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment
|
|
1987
|
Susumu Tonegawa
|
Mouse embryo
|
Discovery of genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity
|
|
1986
|
Stanley Cohen
|
Mouse, chick, snake
|
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor
|
|
1986
|
Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
Mouse, chick, snake
|
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor
|
|
1985
|
Michael S. Brown
|
Rats
|
Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
|
|
1985
|
Joseph L. Goldstein
|
Rats
|
Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
|
|
1984
|
Niels K. Jerne
|
Mouse
|
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation
|
|
1984
|
Georges J.F. Köhler
|
Mouse
|
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation
|
|
1984
|
César Milstein
|
Mouse
|
Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation
|
|
1982
|
Sune K. Bergström
|
Rat, rabbit, guinea pig
|
Discovery of prostaglandins
|
|
1982
|
Bengt I. Samuelsson
|
Rat, rabbit, guinea pig
|
Discovery of prostaglandins
|
|
1982
|
John R. Vane
|
Rat, rabbit, guinea pig
|
Discovery of prostaglandins
|
|
1981
|
Roger W. Sperry
|
Cat, monkey
|
Discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres
|
|
1981
|
David H. Hubel
|
Cat, monkey
|
Discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
|
|
1981
|
Torsten N. Wiesel
|
Cat, monkey
|
Discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system
|
|
1980
|
Baruj Benacerraf
|
Mouse, guinea pig
|
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action
|
|
1980
|
Jean Dausset
|
Mouse, guinea pig
|
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action
|
|
1980
|
George D. Snell
|
Mouse, guinea pig
|
Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action
|
|
1979
|
Allan M. Cormack
|
Pig
|
Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan)
|
|
1979
|
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
|
Pig
|
Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan)
|
|
1977
|
Roger Guillemin
|
Sheep, pig
|
Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
|
|
1977
|
Andrew V. Schally
|
Sheep, pig
|
Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
|
|
1977
|
Rosalyn Yalow
|
Sheep, pig
|
Development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
|
|
1976
|
Baruch S. Blumberg
|
Chimpanzee
|
New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
|
|
1976
|
D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
Chimpanzee
|
New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
|
|
1975
|
David Baltimore
|
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse
|
Interaction between tumor viruses and gentic material
|
|
1975
|
Renato Dulbecco
|
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse
|
Interaction between tumor viruses and gentic material
|
|
1975
|
Howard Martin Temin
|
Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse
|
Interaction between tumor viruses and gentic material
|
|
1974
|
Albert Claude
|
Chicken, guinea pig, rat
|
Structural and functional organization of cells
|
|
1974
|
Christian de Duve
|
Chicken, guinea pig, rat
|
Structural and functional organization of cells
|
|
1974
|
George E. Palade
|
Chicken, guinea pig, rat
|
Structural and functional organization of cells
|
|
1973
|
Karl von Frisch
|
Bee, bird, fish
|
Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals
|
|
1973
|
Konrad Lorenz
|
Bee, bird, fish
|
Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals
|
|
1973
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
Bee, bird, fish
|
Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals
|
|
1972
|
Gerald M. Edelman
|
Guinea pig, rabbit
|
Chemical structure of antibodies
|
|
1972
|
Rodney R. Porter
|
Guinea pig, rabbit
|
Chemical structure of antibodies
|
|
1971
|
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
|
Mammalian liver
|
Mechanism of the actions of hormones
|
|
1970
|
Sir Bernard Katz
|
Cat, rat
|
Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters
|
|
1970
|
Ulf von Euler
|
Cat, rat
|
Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters
|
|
1970
|
Julius Axelrod
|
Cat, rat
|
Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters
|
|
1968
|
Robert W. Holley
|
Rat
|
Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
|
|
1968
|
Har Gobind Khorana
|
Rat
|
Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
|
|
1968
|
Marshall W. Nirenberg
|
Rat
|
Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis
|
|
1967
|
Ragnar Granit
|
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab
|
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision
|
|
1967
|
Haldan Keffer Hartline
|
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab
|
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision
|
|
1967
|
George Wald
|
Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab
|
Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision
|
|
1966
|
Peyton Rous
|
Rat, rabbit, hen
|
Discovery of tumour-inducing viruses
|
|
1966
|
Charles Brenton Huggins
|
Rat, rabbit, hen
|
Discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
|
|
1964
|
Konrad Bloch
|
Rat
|
Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
|
|
1964
|
Feodor Lynen
|
Rat
|
Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
|
|
1963
|
Sir John Carew Eccles
|
Cat, frog, squid, crab
|
Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
|
|
1963
|
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
|
Cat, frog, squid, crab
|
Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
|
|
1963
|
Andrew Fielding Huxley
|
Cat, frog, squid, crab
|
Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane
|
|
1961
|
Georg von Békésy
|
Guinea pig
|
Physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
|
|
1960
|
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
|
Rabbit
|
Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
|
|
1960
|
Peter Brian Medawar
|
Rabbit
|
Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
|
|
1957
|
Daniel Bovet
|
Dog, rabbit
|
Production of synthetic compounds and their action on the vascular system and skeletal muscles
|
|
1955
|
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
|
Horse
|
Nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
|
|
1954
|
John Franklin Enders
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine
|
|
1954
|
Thomas Huckle Weller
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine
|
|
1954
|
Frederick Chapman Robbins
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine
|
|
1953
|
Hans Adolf Krebs
|
Pigeon
|
Discovery of the citric acid cycle
|
|
1953
|
Fritz Albert Lipmann
|
Pigeon
|
Discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance in intermediary metabolism
|
|
1952
|
Selman Abraham Waksman
|
Guinea pig
|
Discovery of streptomycin, the first effective antibiotic against tuberculosis
|
|
1951
|
Max Theiler
|
Monkey, mouse
|
Development of yellow fever vaccine
|
|
1950
|
Edward Calvin Kendall
|
Cow
|
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones
|
|
1950
|
Tadeus Reichstein
|
Cow
|
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones
|
|
1950
|
Philip Showalter Hench
|
Cow
|
Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones
|
|
1949
|
Walter Rudolf Hess
|
Cat
|
Functional organization of the brain as a coordinator of internal organs
|
|
1949
|
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
|
Cat
|
Discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses
|
|
1947
|
Carl Ferdinand Cori
|
Frog, toad, dog
|
Catalytic conversion glycogen
|
|
1947
|
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
|
Frog, toad, dog
|
Catalytic conversion glycogen
|
|
1947
|
Bernardo Alberto Houssay
|
Frog, toad, dog
|
Role of pituitary in sugar metabolism
|
|
1945
|
Sir Alexander Fleming
|
Mouse
|
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
|
|
1945
|
Ernst Boris Chain
|
Mouse
|
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
|
|
1945
|
Sir Howard Walter Florey
|
Mouse
|
Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases
|
|
1944
|
Joseph Erlanger
|
Cat
|
Specific functions of nerve cells
|
|
1944
|
Herbert Spencer Gasser
|
Cat
|
Specific functions of nerve cells
|
|
1943
|
Henrik Carl Peter Dam
|
Rat, dog, chick, mouse
|
Discovery of function of Vitamin K
|
|
1943
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy
|
Rat, dog, chick, mouse
|
Discovery of function of Vitamin K
|
|
1939
|
Gerhard Domagk
|
Mouse, rabbit
|
Antibacterial effects of prontosil
|
|
1938
|
Corneille Jean François Heymans
|
Dog
|
Role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in regulation of respirtation
|
|
1936
|
Sir Henry Hallett Dale
|
Cat, frog, bird, reptile
|
Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
|
|
1936
|
Otto Loewi
|
Cat, frog, bird, reptile
|
Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
|
|
1935
|
Hans Spemann
|
Newt, frog
|
Organizer effect in embryonic development
|
|
1934
|
George Hoyt Whipple
|
Dog
|
Liver therapy for anemia
|
|
1934
|
George Richards Minot
|
Dog
|
Liver therapy for anemia
|
|
1934
|
William Parry Murphy
|
Dog
|
Liver therapy for anemia
|
|
1932
|
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
|
Dog, cat
|
Function of neurons
|
|
1932
|
Edgar Douglas Adrian
|
Dog, cat
|
Function of neurons
|
|
1929
|
Christiaan Eijkman
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins
|
|
1929
|
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
|
Chicken
|
Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins
|
|
1928
|
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
|
Monkey, guinea pig, rat, mouse
|
Pathogenesis of typhus
|
|
1924
|
Willem Einthoven
|
Dog
|
Mechanism of the electrocardiogram
|
|
1923
|
Frederick Grant Banting
|
Dog, rabbit, fish
|
Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes
|
|
1923
|
John James Richard Macleod
|
Dog, rabbit, fish
|
Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes
|
|
1922
|
Archibald Vivian Hill
|
Frog
|
Discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle
|
|
1920
|
Schack August Steenberg Krogh
|
Frog
|
Discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism
|
|
1919
|
Jules Bordet
|
Guinea pig, horse, rabbit
|
Mechanisms of immunity
|
|
1913
|
Charles Robert Richet
|
Dog, rabbit
|
Mechanisms of anaphylaxis
|
|
1912
|
Alexis Carrel
|
Dog
|
Surgical advances in the suture and grafting of blood vessels
|
|
1910
|
Albrecht Kossel
|
Bird
|
Knowledge of cell chemistry through work on proteins, including nuclear substances
|
|
1908
|
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
|
Bird, fish, guinea pig
|
Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes
|
|
1908
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
Bird, fish, guinea pig
|
Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes
|
|
1907
|
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
|
Bird
|
Role of protozoa as cause of disease
|
|
1906
|
Camillo Golgi
|
Dog, horse
|
Characterization of the central nervous system
|
|
1906
|
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
|
Dog, horse
|
Characterization of the central nervous system
|
|
1905
|
Robert Koch
|
Cow, sheep
|
Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosis
|
|
1904
|
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
|
Dog
|
Animal responses to various stimuli
|
|
1902
|
Ronald Ross
|
Pigeon
|
Understanding of malaria life cycle
|
|
1901
|
Emil Adolf von Behring
|
Guinea Pig
|
Development of diphtheria antiserum
|
|
|
Thanks to animal research, many diseases that once killed millions of people every year are either treatable or have been eradicated altogether. Immunizations against polio, diphtheria, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis save countless lives, and the survival rates from many major diseases are at an all time high thanks to our increased understanding of the etiology of disease, the discovery of new drugs, and the development of new medical devices and surgical procedures.
Animal research has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last century – for both human and animal health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, dialysis to organ-transplantation, vaccinations to chemotherapy, bypass surgery to joint replacement, practically every present day protocol for the prevention, treatment, cure, and control of disease, pain, and suffering has at its core knowledge attained through research that included work with animals.
|
|